Rafiki Network Program
| Site: | Rafiki Network |
| Course: | AmaniKibera.co.ke |
| Book: | Rafiki Network Program |
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| Date: | Friday, 27 December 2024, 5:08 AM |
Introduction and Human Systems
Hygiene
Hygiene: practices and principles of keeping yourself and your environment
clean to maintain health and prevent disease.
In short, hygiene is keeping our bodies clean.
Why hygiene is important?
⇨To protect our body from dangerous microbes like bacteria and viruses.
There are many invisible bacteria and viruses everywhere around us, and they come into our body through our nose and mouth or wound→ This sometimes makes us sick which is called infection.
Symptoms of infection
・coughing / when someone coughs, droplets (containing infectious microbes) from that person come out of their mouth.
How to prevent infectious microbes from entering our body through our nose or mouth
⇨ The most common way: wearing masks and washing our hands
・About wearing masks
1. Masks filter the air and catch the environmental microbes entering our body.
2. By stopping the droplets in your cough, masks prevent microbes from spreading.
・About washing our hands
Why wash our hands?
→ If we touch our face or eat food with microbes-covered hands, the microbes enter our body and make us sick. Also, if you wash your hands with soap, it kills or inactivates the microbes.
When?
→ we come home, after going to the restroom and before eating.
How? (9 steps)
1. Wet your hands with water and apply soap
2. Wash your palms and make lots of bubbles
3. Wash all the way to the base of your hands
4. Wash your fingertips and under nails carefully
5. Wash in between your fingers
6. Wrap one hand around the other thumb and wash your thumb by twisting your other hand around your thumb.
7. Wash your wrists
8. Rinse off the soap with the cleanest material available.
9. Dry your hands.
Hygiene 1 -Washing Hands
(A) Wet your hands with water and apply soap.
(B) Wash your palms and make lots of bubbles.
(C) Wash in between your fingers.
(D) Wash your fingertips and under nails carefully.
(E) Wash all the way to the base of your hands.
(F) Wash your thumb by twisting your other hand around your thumb.
(G) Wash your wrists.
(H) Rinse off dirt and soap with clean water.
(I) Dry your hands.
Microbes
Microbes: This includes bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. They can be bad when entering our body.
They are very small! Yeast, a kind of fungi and bacteria is smaller than red blood cells (a very small cell which exists in your blood, and we can’t see it). Viruses are even smaller than bacteria.
Size Comparison: human＞organs>Fruit flies>Human egg> red blood cell> yeast>bacteria>viruses
- Parasites(tapeworm, roundworm, hookworm, malaria, paramecium, amoeba and pubic lice) A kind of small worms or insects which live in a living body. Pubic lice are regarded as a sexual disease because people get them most during sex.
- Fungi (ringworm, mushrooms) Mushrooms are actually one kind of fungi. Another kind of fungi is ringworm. And, fungi cause vaginal yeast infections.
- Bacteria(Cholera, syphilis, gonorrhea, chancroid) Cholera is one kind of bacteria. Cholera causes vomiting and bacterial dysentery, which is bad diarrhea. In addition, there are some sexual diseases caused by bacteria, such as syphilis, and gonorrhea.
- Viruses(Covid-19,HIV) Viruses cause many infections such as the common cold, Covid-19 and AIDS. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. You can get HIV if you have sex with someone who has HIV without using protection. To reduce transmission of HIV, we should always use protection such as condoms.
Hygiene 2
Blood Cells 1
Blood Cells 2
Human Systems
Our bodies work a little differently for boys and girls.
Human system: muscle, skin, skeleton, body organs, cells, blood cells,
- Muscle: Our brains tell our muscles to move, and our muscles move our arms.
- Skeleton: Bones support us to stand, sit down, dance…everything. You are getting taller because your bones are becoming longer.
- Body organs: We have organs inside our bodies. (ex. Brain, lungs, stomach, intestines, heart, liver, bladders, kidneys) Each organ is made up of tissue. Tissue can be both hard or soft (ex. soft tissue: skin, hard tissue: bones) All tissue is made of millions of cells. Cells are the smallest piece of us.
- Cells: Cells contain DNA. There are 3 characters in our blood, Red Blood Cells(RBCs), White Blood Cells(WBCs), and platelets. RBCs carry oxygen from the lungs around the body. WBCs defend the body. Platelets help stop bleeding.
- Brain: The brain is an important organ to move our body or to think. It enables us to feel hot, cold, hard, soft, painful, happy, and sad.
- Lungs: Lungs are important for breathing.
- Stomach: The stomach stores food, digests it, and gradually sends it to the intestines.
- Intestines: Digested food goes into the intestine, then the intestine absorbs them and makes poop. The length of the intestine is 8m.
- Liver: Our liver is another really big, and really important organ. The liver gives us power from our food and keeps our bodies clean inside.
- Bladder: The urinary bladder holds up to about 500 milliliters of pee. You start to feel like peeing when it collects from 100 to 300 milliliters of urine.
- Kidneys: The urine (pee) comes from the kidneys. Kidneys make pee and they are connected to the urinary bladder through the tubes which are called ureters. After pee comes to the bladder, we pee into the toilet through another tube which is called the urethra. Our kidneys make urine to remove waste from our body system.
Urine (pee) Route:
Human Organs 1
Human Organs 2
Human Organs 3
Human Organs 4
Male and Female Reproductive Organs
Human Reproductive System
Male and female bodies have different reproductive systems.
They both have internal organs and external organs.
You can see external organs from the outside. You can’t see internal organs from outside.
Male External Sex Organs
Male external organs include the penis, testicles or testes, and scrotum.
The scrotum is a bag containing the two testicles. Urine and sperm come out from the urethral opening.
The testes produce a male hormone called testosterone. Also, the testes are responsible for producing sperm cells.
Male Internal Sex Organs
The sperm travel from the testes, through the shaft of the penis, and then out from the urethral opening.
The pathway of sperm
Testes → vas deferens → prostate → urethra
Female External Sex Organs
Female external organs include the labia majora, the labia minora, and the clitoris.
We can see the urethral and vaginal opening here too.
The vaginal opening is external, and it is connected to the vagina which is an internal organ.
The female urethral opening has one of the same jobs as the male urethral opening.
For females, this is where urine leaves the body.
Female internal organs
The female internal organs include the vagina, the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. There are 2 sets of ovaries and fallopian tubes.
The ovaries produce egg cells and also produce the female hormones, estrogen and progesterone.
The uterus is a house for a baby.
Eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus through the fallopian tubes.
Female External Sex Organs
Male External Sex Organs
Female Internal Sex Organs
Male Internal Sex Organs
Puberty
Human body growth
The reproductive organs are very different between men and women, even babies have reproductive systems. We call them our primary sexual characteristics. Between the ages of 8 and 15, our bodies dramatically change. These changes are called secondary sex characteristics.
Male secondary sex characteristics include muscle gain, voice change, hair growth in the pubic region, and growth of armpit hair and facial hair, like beards and mustaches.
Female secondary sex characteristics include wider hips and breast development, increased body fat composition, hair growth in the pubic region, and the menstrual cycle.
The testicles make the main hormone in a man’s body, called testosterone, and it helps change the male body’s secondary characteristics.
The ovaries make the female hormones, called estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen plays a big role in reproductive and sexual development including menstruation and pregnancy, and influences our skin, hair, and bones. Progesterone supports the reproductive system.
When we are children, we can’t have babies. As we get older, our bodies change to be physically mature so we can make babies. For girls and women, menstruation is a necessary function to make children. Of course, menstruation is important for boys too.
Female Secondary Sex Characteristics
Male Secondary Sex Characteristics
Hormones: Male and Female
Hormones 2
Menstruation
Menstruation
Menstruation and period have the same meaning. Only girls or women menstruate, but both boys and girls need to be understanding and supportive of menstruation.
When it comes to menstruation, blood and tissue from the uterus comes out from the vagina, and it can hurt. The uterus has 3 layers, and the endometrium is the innermost lining layer of the uterus. The endometrium is responsible for menstruation, and it is a bed for a baby. If the woman doesn’t get pregnant, the endometrium slides out, and that is the bloody material of menstruation.
Menstruation is a very important process for us. By menstruation, we are preparing our bodies for pregnancy. Menstruation comes about every month (28 days), but it is often different for everyone. The first period comes around 12-13 years old, but girls can start their period as young as 9, or as late as 16. However, it is still very risky to become pregnant before 18 years old. Women usually have their periods until about 45 to 55 years old.
Menarche means the first period.
Menopause means that periods have stopped.
In menstruation, bleeding typically lasts around 4 to 5 days. Of course, we all have different bodies, and our bodies have different cycles that can be longer or shorter. In these cycles, some women have heavy periods with a lot of menstrual blood and some women have light periods with less menstrual blood. All these differences are normal and unique to each of us.
There are many kinds of menstrual sanitary products such as pads, cups and tampons. If girls and women use these products, we can keep our favorite skirt or pants from getting messy with menstrual blood. Please remember that having your period might be a little troublesome, but it is a very important part of being a woman. All women experience it, and it is very normal.
Menstruation
Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual Products
Family Planning / Life Planning
Ovulation
Ovulation is the release of an egg from the ovary to the fallopian tube. It occurs 2 weeks before the first day of menstruation. At that time, if sperm meets the egg, fertilization happens.
Fertilization is the joining of the father’s sperm and the mother’s egg to form a baby. Babies
grow up in the mother's vagina for about 9 months.
Life planning
If you want a baby in the future, you should think about your life plans. When you get
pregnant, it is difficult to keep going to school, studying, and playing with your friends. Being
a parent costs a lot of money. Teenage pregnancy is very dangerous for both the mother’s and
baby’s health. The pelvis of teenagers is not wide enough to safely give birth and for the baby
to grow. You should think about having a baby when you are ready both physically and socially.
The most important thing to learn is how to prevent pregnancy until you are ready.
How to prevent pregnancy?
First, condoms are great because they can be used to prevent pregnancy and also STIs,
which stands for sexually transmitted infections. Use a condom every time you have sex.
Second, not having a sexual relationship is the only absolute 100 % way to avoid pregnancy.
You have sexual and reproductive rights. You have the right to choose sexual partners. You
have the right to choose when you have sex and when you have children. You have the right to choose to have children. You have the right to choose how many children. It’s essential for both boys and girls to think about life planning
Family Planning
STIs: Sexually Transmitted Infections
What are STIs?
STI stands for sexually transmitted infections. There are 4 types of STI pathogens, which are
Fungi, Protozoa, Bacteria and Viruses. Candida is a Fungi. Trichomonas is a Protozoa.
Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and Syphilis are bacteria. HPV, HIV, HBV, and Herpes are viruses. All
STIs are infections that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact. In short, when you have sex with an infected person, you can be infected by STIs.
Medical features of STIs
Sexually transmitted infections cause signs in the penis or vagina. These signs are an unusual
color or bad-smelling fluid coming from the vagina or penis, itching or painful genitals, sores or blisters on the genitals, and pain in your lower abdomen or pain during sex. If you ignore these signs, you may make future pregnancy difficult and pass STIs to your future children. Some STIs can dramatically damage the human body. In the worst case, this damage can lead to death. STI symptoms can be cured but some viruses and fungi will always be in our bodies after we are infected. So, we must learn to live with them all of our lives.
How to prevent STIs
If you think you have an STI, see a health worker, stop having sex, or use condoms. When you
use a condom, make sure it is new and undamaged. Squeeze the tip of the condoms and put
it on the end of the hard penis. Keep squeezing the tip while unrolling the condom, until it
covers all of the penis. The loose part at the end will hold the man’s sperm.
Related to STIs, HIV is one of the most important STIs. There isn’t a care for HIV, but we can control HIV. Once we are infected with HIV, we will always have it. AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is caused by HIV. HIV destroys the immune system which is our body's protection system. HIV spreads in several ways (sex, blood-to-blood, infection, etc.), but is not found in sweat, saliva, or tears. So, it is essential to use condoms and not to share tools such as tattooing tools, ear piercing, and nail cutters.
Please understand that when we have sex without using a condom we can catch any of these
STIs, or all of them.